活性炭滤池中微生物特征及其对溶解性有机碳的去除作用

采用异养菌总数计数（HPC）法检测了北京地区J水厂活性炭滤池中微生物量,并分析了活性炭滤池进出水中有机物的组成、活性炭的吸附作用及微生物作用对溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除的贡献率.结果表明,不同炭龄、不同运行周期活性炭滤池中的微生物量有显著的差异.由于溶解性可生物降解有机碳（BDOC）占溶解性有机碳（DOC）的比例较小,且受微生物数量、活性等因素的影响,微生物对DOC的去除效果极为有限,在1.5年和5年炭龄活性炭滤池中对DOC的去除率仅占总去除率的18.8%和26.4%.此外,微生物对较为敏感的嗅味物质2-MIB和geosmin去除作用也不显著,去除率在15%以下（初始浓度为100ng·L-1）;在使用5年活性炭滤池中,微生物对2-MIB和geosmin去除率为12%和14%,分别占总去除率的32%和29%.因此,北京地区地表水净水厂活性炭滤池中微生物对有机物控制的贡献率较低,对DOC的去除主要以活性炭的吸附为主.     

新型饮用水除氟材料Bio-F的除氟特性和比较研究

对3种传统除氟剂活性氧化铝、骨炭和改性沸石与自制的新型生物除氟剂Bio-F的除氟性能及影响因素（材料粒径、pH值、吸附时间、水样含氟浓度、其它离子、再生能力等）进行了比较,并模拟动态实验评估了这4种除氟材料对实际高氟地下水处理的效果.结果表明,Bio-F生物除氟剂对F^-的吸附过程符合Lagergren一级吸附动力学特征（R²=0.958 0）,吸附速率较快,且该过程属于吸热反应; Bio-F吸附F^-符合Langmuir吸附等温模型（R²=0.999 2）,吸附容量高,静态吸附容量可达4.088 3 mg·g^-1,分别约是活性氧化铝和改性沸石的1.8和 5.8倍.4种除氟材料吸附容量与氟浓度正相关,与吸附剂粒径负相关.高浓度的CO^2-₃、HCO^-₃明显抑制Bio-F的除氟（p<0.05）,但高浓度的Ca²⁺、NO^-₃、HPO^2-₄有利于Bio-F的除氟（p<0.001）.Bio-F除氟最佳停留时间3～4 min,远远低于沸石20 min和活性氧化铝11 min.在pH 4.0～9.0范围内Bio-F可保持90％以上吸附F^-的能力.再生性能稳定,10次再生后吸附容量变化不超过15%.Bio-F综合性能优于其它3种传统除氟剂,在我国广大农村地区推广有显著优越性.     

电炉钢渣对水中Cu2+、Cd2+和Pb2+的去除作用

以宝钢电炉钢渣为研究对象,考察了钢渣对溶液中重金属离子Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附热力学特征,借助多种分析手段(XRD、BET比表面分析、SEM/EDS等)对钢渣进行了理化性能测试和表征.结果表明,电炉钢渣对重金属离子的吸附速率较快,吸附速率顺序为Cd2+>Pb2+>Cu2+,吸附过程符合一级动力学模型(R2>0.99).吸附等温实验结果表明,Langmuir模型较为适合重金属离子在钢渣上的吸附,实验条件下对Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+离子的最大吸附容量分别为0.101、0.058、0.120 mmol.g-1.3种重金属离子在钢渣上的吸附是一个吸热(ΔH0<0)、熵值增大(ΔS0>0)的自发反应过程(ΔG0<0),熵效应是吸附反应自发进行的主要驱动力.SEM/EDS分析结果揭示了吸附前后钢渣表面形貌和化学成分的变化.电炉钢渣以其低价、高效性在重金属废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

壳聚糖吸附酸性大红及Cu2+对吸附的增强作用

采用壳聚糖去除水中酸性大红,对壳聚糖吸附酸性大红的动力学、热力学以及溶液pH、盐浓度、外来Cu2+对吸附的影响进行了研究.准二级吸附动力模型、Langmuir、Freundlich及Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)方程分别用来对吸附动力学和等温线进行分析.结果表明,酸性大红在壳聚糖上的吸附是一个化学吸附控制的准二级动力学过程.Langmuir、Freundlich和D-R方程都能较好地描述吸附等温线.溶液pH和温度对吸附有较大影响,而氯化钠浓度对吸附的影响较小.对吸附热力函数的计算结果显示ΔH0<0,表明吸附是一个放热过程.由D-R方程计算的吸附自由能E为9.5~10.7 kJ.mol-1,表明吸附过程为离子交换化学吸附.Cu2+对吸附的影响结果显示Cu2+能显著提高壳聚糖对酸性大红的吸附容量,另外建立了Cu2+浓度与吸附量增加之间的数学模型.     

活化铁锰结核的除氟性能研究

通过批实验研究接触反应时间、温度、共存阴离子对除氟效果的影响.结果表明,接触反应时间为48 h时,吸附都将近平衡.温度越高,越有利于氟离子的吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模式都可以较好地描述氟离子的吸附特性.热力学分析发现活化铁锰结核对氟的吸附为自发的吸热反应.当其他阴离子存在时,会对吸附造成不利影响.柱实验结果表明,活化铁锰结核动态除氟效果很好,性能稳定,机械强度高,易洗脱再生,且洗脱再生后饱和吸附量明显增大.出水中铁、锰含量不超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准.用Thomas模型分析,得到的平均饱和吸附量可达1.340 mg/g.X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析表明,经FeCl3活化的铁锰结核表面附着大量铁的氧化物或氢氧化物.这些铁的氢氧化物或氧化物对水中氟离子的去除起重要作用.     

载铜蒙脱石对大肠杆菌K88吸附性能的研究

以蒙脱石(MMT)和硫酸铜为主要原料,制备了载铜蒙脱石(MMT-Cu),并对MMT-Cu吸附大肠杆菌K88的能力进行比较研究.结果表明:MMT和MMT-Cu对大肠杆菌K88均有较强的吸附作用,但载铜后蒙脱石吸附大肠杆菌的能力明显增强.细菌与吸附材料作用90min后可达到吸附平衡.介质pH值、离子强度和吸附温度对MMT和MMT-Cu吸附细菌的能力均有不同程度的影响.     

氧化铝负载镧去除水中F-的研究

通过固相反应合成了氧化铝负载的氧化镧吸附剂并研究了其对水中F-的吸附.结果表明.合成的材料对F-有很好的去除效果,最大吸附量达到53.4 mg·g-1;适当提高吸附温度和氧化镧负载量都能在一定范围内提高吸附量;较低的固相反应焙烧温度有利于提高去除率,随着焙烧温度的升高,吸附量从170℃焙烧的42.2 mg·g-1下降到了350℃焙烧的32.9 mg·g-1.同时,吸附剂表现出了很好的适应性,在较宽的pH范围内都能保持较高的吸附量.     

A novel aminated polymeric adsorbent for removing refractory dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate treatment plant

Refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) from landfill leachate treatment plant was with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. An aminated polymeric adsorbent NDA-8 with tertiary amino groups and sufficient mesopore was synthesized, which exhibited high adsorption capacity to the DOM (raw water after coagulation). Resin NDA-8 performed better in the uptake of the DOM than resin DAX-8 and A100. Electrostatic attraction was considered as the decisive interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. Special attention was paid to the correlation between porous structure and adsorption capacity. The mesopore of NDA-8 played a crucial role during uptake of the DOM. In general, resin in chloride form performed a higher removal rate of DOC. According to the column adsorption test, total adsorption capacity of NDA-8 was calculated to 52.28 mg DOC/mL wet resin. 0.2 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution could regenerate the adsorbent efficiently.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.